The Gut-Body Connection: How Natural Supplements May Benefit Gut Microbiome, Autoimmune Disorders, and Autism

The gut microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that live in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. These microbes play a critical role in a wide range of physiological processes, including digestion, nutrient absorption, immune function, and metabolism.

The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem that is influenced by a variety of factors, including diet, age, genetics, and environmental exposures. A healthy gut microbiome is characterized by a diverse community of microorganisms that work together to maintain a balanced environment in the gut.

Research has shown that imbalances in the gut microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, may contribute to the development of a variety of health conditions, including autoimmune disorders, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of dietary interventions, probiotics, nutritional supplements, and other strategies to promote a healthy gut microbiome and improve overall health.

Autoimmune disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are both complex and multifactorial conditions that involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. While the exact relationship between autoimmune disorders and ASD is still not fully understood, research has suggested that immune dysfunction and inflammation may play a role in both conditions.

Credit: istock newannyart

Autoimmune disorders occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and damage to organs and tissues. Examples of autoimmune disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Research has shown that individuals with autoimmune disorders may have an increased risk of developing ASD, and there is evidence to suggest that immune dysfunction and inflammation may contribute to the development of ASD.

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. While the exact causes of ASD are not known, research has suggested that genetic and environmental factors, as well as immune dysfunction and inflammation, may contribute to the development of the condition. Studies have shown that individuals with ASD may have alterations in immune function and increased levels of inflammatory markers in the blood and brain.

The gut microbiome, which is the collection of microorganisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract, has also been implicated in the development of both autoimmune disorders and ASD. Research has shown that alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders and may also be involved in the development of ASD. For example, studies have shown that individuals with ASD may have alterations in the composition and diversity of their gut microbiome, and that dietary interventions and probiotics may improve symptoms of ASD in some individuals.

Hence, the relationship between autoimmune disorders and ASD is complex and still not fully understood. However, research has suggested that immune dysfunction and inflammation, as well as alterations in the gut microbiome, may contribute to the development of both conditions. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these relationships and to identify effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of these conditions.

 

The Role of Gut Bacteria in Regulating Immune Function

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating immune function. The gut is home to a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that have co-evolved with the human host over millions of years. These microorganisms have developed complex interactions with the immune system that help to maintain a balanced state of immune activation and tolerance.

One of the key ways that gut bacteria regulate immune function is by modulating the activity of immune cells in the gut. For example, some gut bacteria have been shown to stimulate the production of regulatory T cells, which help to inhibit immune responses and prevent excessive inflammation. Other gut bacteria have been shown to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can help to protect against pathogens but can also contribute to the development of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders if not properly regulated.

In addition to modulating immune cell activity, gut bacteria also play a critical role in the development and maintenance of the gut barrier. The gut barrier is a complex system of cells and proteins that help to protect the body from harmful substances and prevent the leakage of bacteria and other microorganisms from the gut into the bloodstream. Dysregulation of the gut barrier has been implicated in the development of a variety of health conditions, including autoimmune disorders and inflammatory bowel disease.

There is growing evidence to suggest that alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders. Here are some examples of studies on this topic:

1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): A study published in the journal Arthritis & Rheumatology found that individuals with RA had lower levels of certain types of bacteria in their gut microbiome compared to healthy individuals. The study also found that a particular species of bacteria, prevotella copri, was more prevalent in individuals with RA and was associated with increased disease severity.

2. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A study published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology found that individuals with SLE had lower levels of certain types of bacteria in their gut microbiome compared to healthy individuals. The study also found that the composition of the gut microbiome was associated with disease activity and severity in individuals with SLE.

3. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A study published in the journal Nature Communications found that individuals with MS had alterations in the composition of their gut microbiome compared to healthy individuals. The study also found that certain types of bacteria were more prevalent in individuals with MS and were associated with increased inflammation and disease severity.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Several studies have found that alterations in the gut microbiome are associated with the development and progression of IBD, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These studies have shown that dysbiosis, or imbalances in the gut microbiome, can lead to chronic inflammation and damage to the intestinal mucosa, which can contribute to the development of IBD.

Generally speaking, these studies suggest that alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders by disrupting immune function and promoting inflammation. Strategies for promoting a healthy gut microbiome, such as dietary interventions, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, may have therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiome and autoimmune disorders and to identify effective strategies for promoting a healthy gut microbiome.

 

How Gut Bacteria Can Shape Our Brain Function and Development

There is evidence to suggest that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in brain function and development, and that disruptions in the gut-brain axis may contribute to the development of neurological disorders.

The gut and the brain are connected via a bidirectional communication network known as the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome communicates with the brain via various pathways, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and the production of microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. This communication is thought to play a critical role in the regulation of mood, behavior, and cognitive function.

Research has shown that alterations in the gut microbiome are associated with changes in brain function and behavior. For example, studies in mice have shown that altering the gut microbiome can influence behavior and brain function, such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive function. In humans, alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer's disease.

Additionally, research has shown that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). For example, studies in mice have shown that altering the gut microbiome can affect the development of neural circuits in the brain, and that early-life disruptions to the gut microbiome can lead to long-term changes in brain function and behavior.

In summary, these findings suggest that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in brain function and development, and that disruptions in the gut-brain axis may contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain, and to identify effective strategies for promoting a healthy gut microbiome and mitigating the risk of neurological disorders.

There has been a growing body of research investigating the potential link between the gut microbiome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here are some examples of studies on this topic:

1. Gut microbiome composition in children with ASD: A study published in the journal Cell found that children with ASD had alterations in their gut microbiome composition compared to typically developing children. Specifically, the study found that children with ASD had lower levels of certain types of bacteria, such as bifidobacterium and prevotella, and higher levels of other bacteria, such as clostridium.
2. The gut-brain axis and ASD: A review article published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews discussed the potential role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. The article suggested that disruptions in the gut microbiome may lead to alterations in the production of neurotransmitters and immune function, which can in turn affect brain function and behavior.
3. The effects of probiotics on ASD symptoms: A randomized controlled trial published in the journal Nutrients found that children with ASD who were given a probiotic supplement had significant improvements in their gastrointestinal symptoms and social communication skills compared to a control group. The study suggests that promoting a healthy gut microbiome through probiotic interventions may have potential therapeutic benefits for individuals with ASD.
4. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in ASD: A pilot study published in the journal Microbiome found that FMT led to significant improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral symptoms in children with ASD. The study suggests that FMT may be a promising treatment option for individuals with ASD, although further research is needed to confirm these findings.

In conclusion, these studies suggest that alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of ASD, and that strategies for promoting a healthy gut microbiome, such as probiotics and FMT, may have potential therapeutic benefits for individuals with ASD. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the gut microbiome and ASD and to identify effective interventions for promoting a healthy gut microbiome in individuals with ASD.

 

A Holistic Supplement Approach for a Healthy Gut

It's important to note that supplement approaches to enhance the gut microbiome and improve autoimmune disorders and autism should be done in consultation with a healthcare professional, as individual needs may vary. That being said, here is a holistic supplement approach that may be helpful:

1. Prebiotics: Prebiotics are a type of fiber that cannot be digested by the body, but serve as food for the beneficial bacteria in the gut. Prebiotics can be found in foods like garlic, onions, bananas, and asparagus, but can also be taken in supplement form.
2. Probiotics: Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that can help improve the balance of bacteria in the gut. Studies have suggested that probiotics can improve symptoms of autoimmune disorders and autism. It is important to choose a probiotic supplement that contains strains of bacteria that have been specifically studied for their health benefits, such as lactobacillus and bifidobacterium.
3. Digestive enzymes: Digestive enzymes can help break down food and improve the absorption of nutrients, which can be helpful for individuals with autoimmune disorders or autism who may have difficulty absorbing certain nutrients. Digestive enzyme supplements can include enzymes like protease, amylase, and lipase.
4. Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be helpful for individuals with autoimmune disorders. Omega-3 fatty acids can be found in foods like fatty fish and flaxseed, but can also be taken in supplement form.
5. Vitamin D3: Vitamin D3 is important for immune function and has been shown to be deficient in many individuals with autoimmune disorders. Vitamin D3 can be found in foods like fatty fish and fortified dairy products, but can also be taken in supplement form.
6. Magnesium Glycinate: Magnesium Glycinate is important for many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function. Studies have suggested that magnesium may be helpful for individuals with autism. Magnesium Glycinate can be found in foods like almonds, spinach, and avocado, but can also be taken in supplement form.
7. Zinc: Zinc is important for immune function and has been shown to be deficient in many individuals with autoimmune disorders. Zinc can be found in foods like oysters, beef, and pumpkin seeds, but can also be taken in supplement form.

 

The Take Home Message

By making simple changes such as eating a balanced diet, incorporating targeted supplements, and reducing stress, you can support your gut microbiome and improve your overall health. Don't wait until you're experiencing symptoms - start prioritizing your gut health today to feel your best.

 

References

• Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Jia, H., Feng, Q., Wang, D., Liang, D., Wu, X., Li, J., Tang, L., Li, Y., Lan, Z., Chen, B., Li, Y., Zhong, H., Xie, H., Jie, Z., Chen, W., Tang, S., Xu, X., … Li, L. (2015). The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment. Nature Medicine, 21(8), 895-905. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3914
• Hevia, A., Milani, C., López, P., Donado-Gómez, J., González, S., Suárez, A., Turroni, F., Gueimonde, M., Ventura, M., Sánchez, B., & Margolles, A. (2014). Intestinal dysbiosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00233
• Miyake, S., Kim, S., Suda, W., Oshima, K., Nakamura, M., Matsuoka, T., Chihara, N., Tomita, A., Sato, W., Kim, S. H., Morita, H., Hattori, M., Yamamura, T., & Atarashi, K. (2015). Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of patients with multiple sclerosis, with a striking depletion of species belonging to Clostridia XIVa and IV clusters. Nature Communications, 6, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7991
• Lloyd-Price, J., Arze, C., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Schirmer, M., Avila-Pacheco, J., Poon, T. W., Andrews, E., Ajami, N. J., Bonham, K. S., Brislawn, C. J., Casero, D., Courtney, H., Gonzalez, A., Graeber, T. G., Hall, A. B., Lake, K., Landers, C. J., Mallick, H., Plichta, D. R., … Huttenhower, C. (2019). Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature, 569(7758), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9
• Kang, D.-W., Adams, J. B., Gregory, A. C., Borody, T., Chittick, L., Fasano, A., Khoruts, A., Geis, E., Maldonado, J., McDonough-Means, S., Pollard, E. L., Roux, S., Sadowsky, M. J., Schwartzman, J. D., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2019). Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Cell, 178(4), 714-730.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.035
• Mayer, E. A., Padua, D., & Tillisch, K. (2014). Altered brain-gut axis in autism: comorbidity or causative mechanisms?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.012
• Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Fulceri, F., Billeci, L., Buzzigoli, E., Apicella, F., Calderoni, S., Grossi, E., Morales, M. A., Muratori, F., & Prosperi, M. (2019). Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters. Nutrients, 11(9), 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092128
• Kang, D.-W., Adams, J. B., Coleman, D. M., Pollard, E. L., Maldonado, J., McDonough-Means, S., Caporaso, J. G., & Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2019). Long-term benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 5821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42183-0